Magic

3/30 The elements of tragedy brought forth by Aristotle are popular guidelines for literature and pertain to real life as well. Some of the components are rise to fame or noble birth, tragic flaw, reversal, and recognition. A large cooperation of the components is necessary for a tragedy. The elements of tragedy are also evident in people as well. Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson exemplifies a tragic hero and his life path fits a large portion of the components of tragedy. Magic Johnson was a person of noble uprising and also posed a tragic flaw in his character.Ever since he was a young person, he loved playing basketball and was good at it. He obtained the nickname â€Å"Magic† after scoring a triple double his freshman year in high school. He rose to fame during his high school years and put up extraordinary numbers. He was destined to be a great basketball player. He later played at Michigan State University and won a national championship with them, sealing his validity as a basketball phenom. That shows how he had a noble uprising. His tragic flaw became evident during his NBA years. Magic was drafted by the Lakers and was an immediate star.The Lakers ended up winning the championship and Magic was named the MVP of the finals. He continued to play at a high level for years. His success went to head and was a little to free spirited, representing his tragic flaw. His tragic flaw led to his near death experience and his lost respect from the nation. The components of tragedy, especially noble uprising and tragic flaw are represented in the life story of Magic Johnson. Magic Johnson’s character flaw of ego mindedness and free spirit led to his tragic fall of his contraction of HIV.In the beginning of the 1991 NBA season, Magic was not feeling like himself. After some tests, Magic was positive for HIV, the deadly disease that can be contracted by blood transfusion and sexual intercourse and in Magic’s case it was sexual intercourse. Sho cked, scared, and embarrassed he decided to release this news to the public. He explained how we got HIV from doing mischievous things and that he would have to move away from the game of basketball. This absolutely shocked not just Los Angeles but the entire nation.One of the United States’ biggest celebrity and role model was now in jeopardy of his life and was basically being shunned because of having this fatal disease. Some players did not want to play with him because they were scared that they would get it too. Magic Johnson’s tragic fall from NBA superstar reflects the essence of the tragic fall in the components of Greek tragedy. His flaw led him to weak and malign health and led him to an early hiatus in his career. His fall also put him in some infamy for the time being.Magic’s fall caused by his character flaw is exemplary of the guidelines of tragedy put forth by Aristotle. Magic Johnson’s recognition was and huge important part of his life a nd completes the cycle for the components of tragedy. Immediately he took matters into his own hands by admitting his fault and admitted he had multiple sex partners during his career. He also decided to test his wife for HIV and presented he with a huge apology and how he â€Å"lost his mind in the fast lane†. After over coming the odds, he rid of the disease and returned to basketball but was only in the league a couple of games.He later wrote a book about safe sex and became an incredible advocate for HIV awareness by taking the lead in that realm. He was easily one of the most influential people in the HIV awareness sector. He has also created his own foundation and is still a successful businessman today. Magic really did have recognition of his tragic fall. He admitted he was wrong and openly apologized to the public and increases his interests in the awareness of HIV and AIDS. He has realized his downfall and has done a lot to try and remove that from his past.His reco gnition is truly apart of his tragic story. Magic Johnson is the perfect subject for the tragic hero position. He exemplifies some of the components of tragedy. He had a noble uprising through his young years and presented a tragic flaw of his ego mindedness. Magic had a downfall with his contraction of HIV in part to his character flaw. He also posed arguably the most important part, the recognition including his apology to the nation, his teammates, and his wife. Magic is now considered a hero thanks to all of his HIV and post-NBA dealings, a. k. a his recognition.

Why Do We Shop for What We Do Not Need?

Consumer – One who delights advertisers by acquiring unnecessary products in accordance with the motto â€Å"I spend, therefore I am. † – The Cynics Dictionary All people shop for things that they do not need. When asking a person why he needlessly goes shopping, a typical answer is â€Å"because it makes me feel good. † In fact, there are many reasons why people, particularly in America, feel compelled to shop, spend, and buy things in an almost mindless automation where the consumer rationalizes the question of need. However, why do we shop for a twentieth pair of shoes? Why shop for another gadget that we might need? Why do people spend hours shopping for unaffordable stuff that is merely garnish? Shopping, apart from a practical need, is an emotional experience. This very real phenomenon is as serious as it is intriguing to those interested in this type of behavior. According to Pamela Danziger, a consumer industry consultant, â€Å"There is a desire to satisfy a need [. . . ] that is the simple answer to a profoundly challenging question† (27). In clarifying the meaning of the word â€Å"need† in Danziger's assertion, it is important to understand that this fundamental aspect pertains to an emotional need rather than a practical one. Further, to help answer this question of why people shop needlessly, marketing scientists who study shopper behavior define emotional need as motivators. With this understanding, the question can be addressed: What motivates us to shop for what we do not need? * Shopping is fun and exciting: Perusing, trying-on, and trying-out dazzling new wares at a pulsing metropolistic-wonderland of fashion departments is an ecstatic experience with its mixture of excitement and adrenaline. Comparable to going to an amusement park, it is an occasion where there are people, places, and things to see, do, and . . buy. * Shopping is an escape: Dr. Drew Pinsky, a coping strategies specialist at Las Encinas Hospital in Pasadena, California, professes, â€Å"Shopping is a way of managing unpleasant feelings. † Similar to attending a museum or a movie theater, shopping allows us to take our minds off our problems. â€Å"Time heals† and we can give ourselves ample time at the mall interacting with salespeople as if they are museum guides, or spending a few hours window-shopping as if we are watching it all on the silver screen. Shopping allows us to feel like a celebrity: Generally, whether we are shopping at a warehouse home improvement store, an uptown fashion mall, or the local car dealership, starry-eyed salespeople roll out the red carpet for prospective buyers. This is truly an available fantasy world for an indulging shopper. As shoppers, we can walk into a showroom (as this is our celebrity privilege) greeted by our fans and receive all of the attention we deserve; pampered and fussed over, our stardom is at hand. The above emotional motivators are well-founded characteristics of shopper's behavior per the findings of extensive research by marketing academics. Gary Witt, Professor of Marketing at Western International University, attests, â€Å"[Shoppers] do not want your product or service; they want [. . . ] a secret door to their heart's desires. † This is now common knowledge among marketing strategists who work with advertisers to appeal to shoppers. In this way, we are incessantly subjected to marketing and advertising designed to entice us to shop and buy. All people, even those with the most resistant of base psychological mechanisms regarding this behavior, are in some way influenced by the persistent, ubiquitous bombardment of various media and its message of commanding people to shop. In addition, shopping mediums such as catalogs, the internet, and The Home Shopping Network on cable television, intended to offer convenience allowing a devoid of the annoyances of conventional shopping such as parking and disgruntled salespeople, are only defeating to the communal shopper and the emotional experience a shopping trip provides. Shopping at home does not compare to the escalatored big-city, big-room department store with its buzzing energy and exciting glamour where a shopper is there seeing and being seen. This is the essence of modern shopping. As a an activity in and of itself, shopping is a relatively recent development in which masses of people venture out and seek to moddycoddle their desire to satisfy an emotional need. Shopping provides not just a means to the necessities of life, but a meaning for life. As cleverly promoted by marketing and advertising, shopping is a cultural condition legitimized as â€Å"the good life† and â€Å"the American way. â€Å"

Computer technology provides learning opportunities for disabled Essay

The rise of online schools or universities paved way for the demand of online and digital materials to facilitate the teaching-learning process. This year, Pearson has contributed to the development of online learning by releasing a program called the Universal Design for Computer-Based Testing Guidelines. In line with universal efforts from members of the academic institution to make learning and education accessible to all, the computer-based testing program was developed in order to allow students to access resources on evaluation, most importantly those with disabilities or handicaps. The project was also supported by the principle in education proving that students learn more efficiently when evaluation or assessment is integrated into the teaching-learning process. This issue appeals to the responsibility of people and organizations working within the computer and technology industry to contribute to the advancement of other areas or fields including education. The introduction of the Universal Design for Computer-Based Testing Guidelines paves way to the improvement of digital instruction that has become prevalent these days. In this way, computer technology not only contributes to the advancement of education but also to the universal accomplishment of efforts concerning equal access to education. Ultimately, this relates to society because it also concerns the right to education. However, I believe the most important thing aside from the existence and development of technologies that facilities widespread access to education is the dissemination of information that would allow numerous people to learn of the available avenues and opportunities for them to afford education. Pearson’s taking advantage of knowledge and information on computer-based evaluation or assessment is an important step in achieving this purpose. Kostek, J. (2009). Guidelines Introducing Making Computer-Based Testing More Accessible. Retrieved 19 Jul 2009, from Technology Marketing Corporation. Website: http://education. tmcnet. com/topics/education/articles/58497-guidelines-introduced-making-computer-based-testing-more-accessible. htm Computer Technology: Last Chance for Heath Care? Due to health crisis in the United States, the government is looking into the possibility of utilizing computer technology in order to resolve the problem. The national government, even before Barack Obama’s administration, has been trying to alleviate problems regarding health care to no avail. The United States government feels that the time has come to take advantage and capitalize on the availability of technology in order to offer a solution to the dreaded health crisis. UnitedHealth Group, an organization that handles health insurance in the country, has established a partnership with Cisco Systems, a leading company in the industry of technology. The two organizations have endorsed telemedicine as a means to address the health care situation in the country. Ultimately, the program targets populations that do not have access to health care, specifically those in remote areas with limited available services. This relates to the benefits and contributions of computer technology not only to the field of health and medicine, but also to the development of public policies and the improvement of good governance. The product of technology and its fusion with another industry or field of study, which in this case is telemedicine, proves the importance of expanding society’s views and perspectives on technology as an individual or independent subject or discipline. Through the efforts of the United States government in searching for the most efficient means to resolve the health crisis, the value and contributions of computer technology to the health and wellbeing of the nation’s citizens have been discovered. In addition, the implementation of telemedicine in the country would serve as models or examples to other nations experiencing the same kind of crisis. In this scenario, expanding the limitations of computer technology is necessity for the development of other fields. Reardon, M. (2009). Are the Stars Aligning for Telemedicine’s Success?. Retrieved 20 Jul 2009, from CBS Interactive Inc. Website: http://news. cnet. com/8301-1001_3-10290067-92. html Outsourcing: Increasing Employment Opportunities Due to the global economic crisis, business organizations around the world, including outsourcing companies are expected to lay low and exhibit a downturn on their performance and productivity rates, thus, leading to the increase in unemployment rates. However, the business process outsourcing sector refused to let the current economic crisis slow down the industry. In fact, the industry is expecting that despite global recession, the business process outsourcing sector will still be able to increase the number of jobs in domestic areas wherein work tasks and responsibilities are being outsourced. The role of computer technology in making business process outsourcing possible relates to its contribution to society in terms of the increase in the availability of jobs. The existence of networking capabilities and wireless technology that facilitate communication and help human beings accomplish work tasks more efficiently is the primary reason why large organizations or corporations decided to outsource. Therefore, in a way, even if the increase in jobs in the sector of business process outsourcing does not directly relate to the structure and dynamics of computer technology, the important thing to remember is that computer technology facilitates business process outsourcing. Consequently, the existence of business process outsourcing opens up employment opportunities, especially to individuals in developing nations. In this way, computer technology carries out its responsibility to society by becoming an instrument in the creation employment opportunities. In addition, outsourcing helps the economies of other nations prosper through the influx of remittances from the country wherein the main office of the company is located to other countries who host business process outsourcing. Ferriols, D. (2009). Business Process Outsourcing Sector Expect Increase in Jobs this Year. Retrieved 20 Jul 2009, from The Philippine Star. Website: http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleid=445862.

Assignment 5 Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 5 - Thesis Example The essay explores such issues, and why MBAs shun such important sectors of the economy. There are various importance and centrality of HR departments in today’s chaotic and competitive world. For example, HR departments are tasked with the employment of both personal and group psychology for the purpose of committing workers to the attainment of organizational objectives. Similarly, it is the role of HR to strike the link between the company and the workers through retention and development of workers (Hunter 78). Alternatively, in order to keep with the current competition, HR departments assist in the decision making through constant communication with the General Management on the fundamental goals and objectives of the company. In the same aspect, there is the element of injecting inspiration in order for maintain the low worker turnover rate. Furthermore, HR ensures there is proper management and training of workers in the organizations through different ways. For example, assisting managers becoming better managers is crucial when establishing the relation ship between workers and managers. In other words, this helps in the prevention of distractions that may lower the morale of the employees. On the same scope, HR teaches the management on how the management can effectively deal with employees through prevention of unnecessary conflicts and disagreements. HR also ensures the management puts their whole focus on their roles in the organization as their fundamental centrality of meeting the goals of the company. There are several ways in which HR departments help bring a company to an early demise. For example, lack of employee development through solving their crucial problems on time may result to demoralization. In the same aspect, failure to attract to competent and skilled workers has a likelihood of leading to reduced production and productivity of the workforce. Alternatively,

Organic Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organic Food - Essay Example Almost all food stores now carry organic food. The popularity of organic food stores has increased because of its rapid demand all around the world. â€Å"The Annual sales of organic products in the United States are topping anywhere from $16.3 billion to $29.7 billion†. (Selvon, 2012) The demand has increased due to its several benefits. Grocery retailers who consider the consumer interest and reasons of rise in organic food consumption can eventually become market leaders. They are considered to be more nutritious, protect from harmful diseases, promotes well being and protects the environment. The National organic program was developed on 21st October 2002 and is a program for developing organic standards. It comprises of representatives from several categories such as farmer, retailer, processor, scientist, environmentalist and certifying agent. The USDA organic logo is an easy way to recognize organic products for the consumers and feel con?dent that they are purchasing a product that is pure and meets standards. The foods covered under current organic standards are fruits, meat and poultry, legumes, livestock feed, nuts, seeds and so on. Organic certification systems mostly have elements such as: 1. Standards: Standards must be clearly formulated and communicated among all parties. 2. Contracts and legal framework: Contracts and Legal framework should be bound by a legal system and written agreement. 3. Inspection: It is better that the inspection covers transactions, processing, production, labeling, storage and certification. 4. Certification: The three types of certification, direct certification, Co?certification and Local certification. Consumers needs and wants change with time. The consumers nowadays have started preferring organic food products over conventional foods. There are several reasons behind it. The main reason is that there is a rise in various diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, obesity etc. Consumers have become very healt h conscious. This health consciousness has risen because of increase in education attainment and media. (Minton, 2009) Various harmful chemicals such as heavy metals, synthetic pesticides and solvents such as benzene and toluene are found in non-organic foods. As Organic foods are chemical and toxin free so they protect individuals from several diseases and other harmful infections. (Nytimes, 2009) The study sponsored by the European Union confirmed that organic fruits and vegetables have more vitamins and minerals and up to  50% more antioxidants which are beneficial for humans. (Kidsorganics, n.d.) In addition people who are allergic to foods, chemicals or preservatives by switching to organic foods can gain relief. Children and fetuses less developed immune system is most vulnerable to pesticide and can cause behavioral disorders and developmental delays. Furthermore pregnant women should also avoid non-organic foods as these effects of harmful chemicals can be passed from them to their baby. (Medical news today, 2004) The fruits and vegetables with high pesticides in production are pears, peaches, spinach, celery, apple, grapes, bell peppers, potatoes and red raspberries. (Vitamin retailer, n.d.) Organic foods are fresh, natural, have better taste, color and flavor. Chefs nowadays mostly prefer to choose organic foods for their kitchens because of its superior taste. (Greenopolis, n.d.) Moreover, organic farming is better for other living things such as birds and small animals as pesticides can make it difficult for creatures to reproduce and can even kill them. Another reason is that consumers want to protect the environment from these harmful chemicals as they are the main cause of climatic change. Organic food produc

Risk and Hedging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk and Hedging - Essay Example The exposure is also related to a case whereby the company borrows money in a foreign currency. Coca Cola Company usually relies on lending’s from the subsidiaries that are found in other countries (Vigna, 2012). An economic exposure is one that measures the changes in the present value of Coca Cola Company and it results from changes in the future expected cash flows that may be caused by exchange rate changes that are not expected. The exposure in Coca Cola Company mainly affects the selling price and the sales volume of the company. An accounting exposure is used in measuring the changes that are derived from accounting as a result of coca cola Company translating its financial statements that are found in a foreign currency into a reporting currency that is single. That will affect issues such as the payment of the corporate tax incurred by the company. Coca cola company therefore hedges so as to avoid risks that are involved with foreign transactions (Murphy,

Revised Progress Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revised Progress Report - Assignment Example In the case of Chopsticks Express, they are targeting only the small amount of Chinese consumers, who are the students of the State College. My efforts would be to make consumers aware of the Chinese foods in the market along with highlighting how the local customers could be attracted towards Chinese foods. The role of supervisor has been important for this project, and I have been guided by my supervisor throughout the project and this has helped in improving the quality. I have been incorporating the feedback of the supervisor and will continue doing so. After receiving further feedback, the research will continue in steps for the submission of its final draft of the proposal. Work Completed I have received the approval and feedback from my instructor concerning my research based on my course, which includes supply and demand analysis in order to understand the competition in the restaurant market. The feedback from my instructor included instructions of carrying out my research a nd his instructions have been helpful in improving the work. Based on the feedback, I came to know by surveying the downtown area that Chinese restaurants are facing some direct competition from other Asian and American restaurants because some of the Chinese restaurants offer American or Asian based cuisine at lunch time. The draft proposal was due from 10th June and after purifying my research according to the feedback received, I submitted my final proposal on 19th June with my final topic of Research Information of Chinese Restaurants in State College. My research included the analysis of Chinese restaurants. 13 Asian and 8 Chinese restaurants are located in State College Downtown. Among the Chinese restaurants Chopsticks Express offers the authentic cuisine of Chinese. Chopsticks Express, which is situated at the central in the state downtown, has an advantage because it could attract more customers apart from the local Chinese customers. But the reason for not influencing othe r customers of the region, which I figured out from my survey, was that Chopsticks Express has a very crude environment. I found that majority of the people do not visit Chopsticks Express because of its unpopularity. The main weakness of the restaurant is that it does not have a welcoming environment and why would anyone want to visit a restaurant which does not have a welcoming environment? I read case studies about the restaurants, analyzed the competitive market of restaurants by supply and demand analysis. In the ending days of June, I was supposed to work on the demography part. Demography includes the study of population size. The study included sample size of 800 customers who received a questionnaire; these 800 people were those who belonged not only to the area of downtown but also those who visit downtown. The questionnaire was also conducted from the managers of the Chinese restaurants operating in the State College downtown area. The responses from the questionnaire I c onducted helped me to learn the importance of information; information plays an important role in terms of restaurant market. The responses suggested that awareness of Chinese food in the US is relatively low and only local customers like Chinese students prefer Chinese cuisine in the US. For determining the possible solutions for the Chinese resta

Job Search Websites Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Search Websites Report - Essay Example Monster.com was the first site to be assessed. This is the site with perhaps the most name recognition of the three, and was a pioneer in the web-based job search engine market. Compared to the other sites, Monster's home page is rather busy and a bit cluttered. This is owed largely to what seems like Monster's attempt to branch out into related services, such as resume writing and a new degree program search engine. Fortunately, the tabbed interface easily cuts through the clutter and allows the user to rather intuitively link to desired tools and features. Although each tab contains some links that are rather nebulous, it is still easy to find the most helpful features the website has to offer. The most critical feature, the simple job search is front and center on the home page, and easily enabled the test search for this study to be run. Entering "software engineer" in te key words field, and choosing Boston, Massachusetts from the location pull down (there was no way to select all of Massachusetts, only specific locations within the state) resulted in a stop screen prompting the user to enter a student loan payoff sweepstakes. Clicking the "no thank you" link took the user to the search results. There were 697 hits organized reverse chronologically in 14 pages of 50 hits each. The hit list included the posting date, position title, company name, and location.

Crime prevention and Crime Rates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime prevention and Crime Rates - Coursework Example I used the data that was easily available on both factors. The data I chose was for the period between 2003 and 2014. I pursued annual data for analysis as it was easy and provided a broader view to the situation. After the data was gathered, I used https://datawrapper.de to visualize it. In anticipation, I removed the extra data available on the excel sheets of governmental records and omitted unnecessary details that was available. I chose to make two different bar charts using the options available at the website. After the data was gathered, I used https://datawrapper.de to visualize it. In anticipation, I removed the extra data available on the excel sheets of governmental records and omitted unnecessary details that was available. I chose to make two different bar charts using the options available at the website. After the completion of the visualization process, I took screenshots and used them for investigation and critical analysis. I believe that Daily Express will be a suitable publication for this news to enlighten UK population on the relationship between Police workforce and the recorded crime rates.

Personal development planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal development planning - Essay Example In addition, it motivates a positive attitude towards learning (Healey, Pawson & Solem 2013, p.141). This paper will discuss personal development planning and the importance of various aspects of a student’s life. Interpersonal skills are the evaluation of how masterful an individual is in interacting with others. Interpersonal skills are qualities, common sense, concrete and positive encounters to assist a student to become responsible and caring adults. The interpersonal competencies are necessary for the preparation of students to for the workplace. The interpersonal skills are developed through connecting with others, for instance, socialising with peers, interacting with family members and going to school. The interpersonal skills are critical to solving a dispute with others and minimise stress, promote intimacy and enhance joy. In addition, the skills improve communication, expand comprehension and help to solve disputes (Dyson & Casey 2012, p. 5). The presentation skill is the ability of a student to deliver information while at the same time attaining a maximum influence. Presentations in a students’ life are crucial in assisting them to gain and develop a hob after university. From the working life perspective, presentation skills are essential to individual prosperity, for example, reporting to superiors, sales and training. Presentation skills such as being a fine public speaker build confidence in students that can be expressed in areas of personal and business life. From social life point of view, a god presenter is perceived to have more authority compared to their colleagues (Lee-Davies & Bailey 2007, p 132). Communication skill is the capability to pass on information efficiently and effectively to another. The communication skills assist students to convey details distinctly on emotional and intellectual degrees. A student can describe concepts clearly and have the potential to raise questions in order to refine other

Pros and Cons of High Stakes Testing in California Research Paper

Pros and Cons of High Stakes Testing in California - Research Paper Example It is a tool of progress but not for judgment of the capability or cleverness. Moreover, data from statewide testing is normally available to the public hence every parent is capable of viewing the performance of the child. Accessibility of these information aids parents in making of more informed decisions concerning how their child fair on with education (Madaus, Russell & Higgins, 2009). High stakes examinations causes anxiety but annual testing and frequent practice tests assist children in advancing their test taking capabilities over a period. Thus, children are capable to learn how to deal with pressure, developing appropriate skills and strategies essentials in achieving the parent’s and school expectations (Au & Tempel, 2012). Conversely, teachers and corresponding experts possess solemn detriments in regard to high stakes testing. High stakes tests cause any discipline that is not related to mathematics and language arts not to be learnt in class. Moreover, science, social studies and art to be forfeit in order to create time for learning test prep (Au & Tempel, 2012). Pressure on the underlying teachers can clamp down the ingenuity and originality. Moreover, pressure from the administration normally results to less elasticity in developing lessons plan to the prevailing individual students. Escalated pressure on the prevailing parents and students is normally counterproductive in case the pressure is not constructive. How high stakes testing has helped or hindered student achievement or progress High stakes testing has resulted to development of alteration within the classroom that is important and positive. The plan has teachers to better plan their underlying instruction thereby allowing them the capability of narrowing in specific bodies of knowledge that are fundamental to students. This guidance of the curriculum have aided children in understanding concepts by compelling teachers to be more aware of state standard requirements in regard to teaching (Au & Tempel, 2012). Moreover, high stakes testing in schools have made the teachers to be aware of the matching instruction to what the students require to know in order to be successful on the state mandated tests. Nevertheless, high stakes testing allocate limited time within the school year thus does not permit time for infinite instruction hence impacting negatively on the part of the children (Madaus, Russell & Higgins, 2009). Description of state's testing system and high stakes testing High stakes testing grants teachers a chance to improve their skills in giving instructions and stipulate the standard that guide curriculum thus allowing more parental involvement within the education. Moreover, curriculum reflects on the state-mandated standardized test that is typically granted annually. State&apos as a testing system is a developed set of state standards that possess peculiar set of skills that students ought to be taught at particular grade level. It allo ws for easy movement of the students from one school to the other in the same state within the middle of school year. It was seen to be taking away the teachers creativity and abilities of teaching (Au & Tempel, 2012). Description of ethical questions involved with the testing The ethical questions in regard to the testing pertain to the perception that the technology was faulty even though underlying

New Vaccine against Cervical Cancer Essay Example for Free

New Vaccine against Cervical Cancer Essay According to the American cancer society, in the year 2008, â€Å"about 11,070 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States.† (American Cancer Society). Close to a third of these women will succumb to cervical cancer making it to be one of the leading in cancer deaths. This indicates the magnanimity of the problem facing the society today, a problem that has become costly to address. An announcement made by experts in 2004 on the possible invention of a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was treated with glee and huge expectations. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is aimed at the strains of the Papillomavirus that leads to cervical cancer. The raging controversy when this vaccine is mentioned is the insistence by the health experts that it can only be effective in women if it is introduced at a young age of below thirteen. The position of this paper, in spite of the recognition and appreciation of the gravity of cervical cancer, is that the HPV vaccine should not be given to young girls as it will create an impression that it is appropriate to engage in premarital sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vaccination against cervical cancer has become a sensitive issue with possible political ramifications to legislators that are likely to support its being mandatory. Most of the informed criticism being leveled on the vaccine centers on its inappropriateness when it is carried out against young girls. It is important to note that the raging opposition against the vaccine does not centre on its ability to prevent cervical cancer but at the perception and the image it is likely to send to the young, sexually and emotionally vulnerable girls (Gilham Matthews 48) Gardasil and Cervarix are such vaccines that are currently deeply embroiled in this controversy. Gardasil is a product of Merck that seeks to protect women from four strains of cervical cancer. These strains are 6.11, 16, and 18. For it to be effective, it has to be given to a person in a period stretching to 6 months. A total of three injections are carried out. Cervarix is a product of GlaxoSmithKline but its approval is still under consideration by the Food and Drugs Authority. Unlike Gardasil, it protects a woman against two strains only of Human Papillomavirus. These are 16 and 18. It is also carried out in three injections spanning over a period of six months. One important point to note here is that the efficiency of these two drugs as far as protecting women against the various HPV types is yet to be fully ascertained. This is because of the existence of a high number of strains of HPV. This means that a third of all cervical cancer cases cannot be prevented. However, it is vital to point out that Gardasil has so far been approved by the FDA for being effective in arresting any infection on the strains that it targets (Lowy and Schiller 13). The argument being made by those that advocate for its mandatory vaccination on young girls is on the basis of the fact that it can only be functional if given to women before they began engaging in sexual activities. According to the FDA, it is licensed for use by women between the age 9 and 26. There is an undeniable logic in this. A vaccine is preventative and not curative. There are tentative reports on studies that indicate the possible manufacturing of drugs that will be effective even to women infected with HPV. However, the ones that have raised controversy are only effective to women that have not had any sexual contacts. It is hence undeniable that there is enough ground for this vaccination to be given to girls at a tender age; however this does not mean that it should be made mandatory on young girls even before the age of puberty (Elit and Froese 26). Although fully understanding the benefits of such a vaccination and the possible averting of a cervical   cancer related deaths, it is crucial to investigate the kind of perception that legislators would be sending to the young people by making it mandatory for school going girls to have cervical cancer vaccines. At the age of 12, girls are in their formative stage and on the verge of becoming sexually developed and mature. Between the age of 9 and 25, they are likely to be tempted to engage in premarital sex not recognizing the risks that that they face from the immense sexually transmitted diseases. A vaccine against cancer given, at such a tender age, will send the wrong image that it is okay to engage in such activities. Rather than making it mandatory to have the vaccine carried out on all young girls, a more inexpensive campaign should be carried out to propagate for abstinence as the best strategy of avoiding HPV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In these days of incurable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, the abstinence debate has been taken a notch higher and abstinence campaign groups have been formed reaching out the young people wide and far. The insistence by some policy makers and the drug manufacturing companies on the mandatory need to carry out the vaccinations is likely to sound a death knell to such campaigns. According to Rob Stein â€Å"Conservative groups say they welcome the vaccine as an important public health tool but oppose making it mandatory.† (AO3) This is a popular stand that is being echoed over time even as the Texas Governor issued the executive order making it mandatory to all school girls from sixth grade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking a look at the raging debate of anti cancer vaccine would reveal the intensity of the criticism that stand over the order. On February 2, 2007 Texas Governor, Rick Perry went against the legislature and issued an executive order PP65 that would have made it compulsory for all six grade girls   to undergo a vaccination against Human Papillomavirus. In issuing the order, Perry managed to circumvent the possible opposition such a bill would be facing from members of legislature and the immense lobbying by conservative rights groups. The order would have required that from September this year, all females commencing sixth grade will have to get a Gardasil jab. By sixth grade, the governor is focusing on girls of a tender age between 11 and 12. Perry has come out clearly in support of the vaccine saying that the issuing of the order was prompted by understanding of the economic benefits that it stands to bring. He said that, ‘the HPV vaccine provides with an incredible opportunity to effectively target and prevent cervical cancer.† (USA TODAY)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An analysis of the order brings out a number of controversial issues that point a finger against the vaccine. According to the pro-family groups, the executive order usurped the role and the powers of the legislature. This is a move that immediately prompted a bill in the legislature that has sought to rescind the order. It is important to note that by issuing the order, he has also usurped the role of the parents in deciding what is right for their children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The financial implications of Perry’s executive order also need to be analyzed. Gardasil emerges as an expensive vaccine costing over three hundred dollars. This would be an expensive venture by a state that wishes to make it mandatory for girls to have the vaccine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the issue of Perry’s executive order is raised, there are a number of factors that are brought to the surface as likely to have contributed to the issuing of the executive order.   This however is not to undermine the importance of the vaccine and the benefits that such an executive order can reap. There have been connections that have been drawn between the Texas governor and the Gardasil manufacturers, Merck. Importantly, Merck is said to have contributed 6000 dollars to his campaigns. The drug campaign chief lobbyist was Perry’s chief of staff. This may be a non pertinent issue but it is a strong indicator of the influence wielded by the drug manufactures. Another issue that would come up to discredit the order is the cost of distributing the vaccine to the school girls in Texas. Taking a look at the provision of health services in Texas paints a grim picture. Texas is among the states in the United States that has the highest rate of people not under any medical insurance cover. Governor Perry’s Executive Order may have been a positive move of curbing the spread of cervical cancer but it would have been appropriate if the resources that could have catered for the vaccination be channeled towards the provision of basic health to children outside the insurance cover. A look at the above also brings an important issue on the table in regard to the vaccine. The role that the manufacturing companies play in influencing important and sensitive policies also needs to be analyzed. Merck, Gardasil manufacturer, has spent huge amount of money in lobbying for the passage of state laws that would make it mandatory to have schoolgirls between the age of 11 and 12 be vaccinated against HPV. It would not be an ill advised move to regard big pharmaceutical companies with suspicion in regard to pushing for a policy that would increase their sales. Though not to disregard important role that Merck is playing in the fight against cervical cancer, it would not be inappropriate to note that Merck’s move was driven by financial and economic considerations. Merck owns the patent and the rights to exclusively produce and distribute Gardasil, the only vaccine mandated by FDA to prevent cervical cancer. With such exclusive rights and monopoly, there is an understanding that should the government make it mandatory to vaccinate all schoolgirls in their sixth grade, Merck stands to reap huge profits. It hence would not be farfetched and off the mark to argue that Merck’s move to lobby and urge the government to legislate on the vaccine was not driven by health considerations but purely by the desire and the need to increase their sales. The National Vaccine Information Centre has also managed to bring out an important point in its criticism of the vaccine. National Vaccine Information Center is a non profit oriented body that has invested heavily on informing and educating the public on the negative sides of vaccinations. The organization noted that Gardasil injections may have adverse effects that may require medical attention. This also brings an important point in the criticism of the vaccine. The vaccine has only been in the market for only a few months, a short period of time to judge the impact that it could have on the bid to curb cervical cancer. Judicial Watch, a non governmental organization purporting to check government corruption sued the United States Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) for licensing the use of a vaccine whose side effects and other impacts have not been thoroughly established. Judicial Watch claims that there have been â€Å"1824 reports of adverse reactions to the vaccination for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)† it further claims that there have been so far eight deaths that have been directly attributed to the vaccine (Judicial Watch). It is essential to appreciate the efforts played by the Food and Drug Administration, but it would be imprudent not to criticize any move that would make it mandatory to vaccine school girls, understanding the risks that this could be putting them into. The adverse effects revealed by health experts in regard to the vaccine are a powerful indicator that there is a need to be either halt the vaccine or regulate it. There are a number of criticisms that have been leveled against the vaccine especially centering on its said efficiency. The proponents of the HPV vaccine claim that the vaccine has ability to 100 percent curb over 70 % incidents of cervical cancer. There is still a knowledge gap that exists in this. Experts opposed to the vaccine have brought up important points that cannot be ignored. One of the points made is that it is not possible to establish whether there will develop a new strain of HPV that will be resistant to the vaccine. The compatibility of the vaccine to other immunizations has also not been established. Key to note here is that the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine has not been appropriately established. The argument that stands in this is that that the vaccine was not fully tested on the young girls and that the tests conducted on the adults were assumed to apply to the young girls’ scenario.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proponents of the vaccine insist that there are no conducted studies on the claim that the vaccine can in any way lead to the increase in promiscuous behaviors in the vaccinated girls. Though this is an argument that may hold some water, it is important to note that there is no study that has been conducted proving otherwise. It has to be understood that making it mandatory for sixth grade to be vaccinated will create a false notion that they are secure and are protected from other sexually transmitted diseases. This is a likely scenario considering the haste with which the vaccine has been carried out disregarding the need for adequate education and the need to emphasize on the importance of abstinence. Works Cited Rob Stein. Cervical Cancer Vaccine Gets Injected With a Social Issue Some Fear a Shot For Teens Could Encourage Sex. Washington Post. October 31, 2005; Page A03. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from washingtonpost.com  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000747.html USA TODAY .Texas governor orders anti-cancer vaccine for schoolgirls Updated 2/2/2007. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-02-02-texas_x.htm Judicial Watch. Judicial Watch Uncovers New FDA Records Detailing Deaths in 1,824 Adverse Reaction Reports Related to HPV Vaccine. 2007. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.judicialwatch.org/6428.shtml Peto, J; C Gilham, O Fletcher, FE Matthews. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK.. Lancet 364 . 2004; 49-56 Lowy and Schiller .Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. Journal of Clinical Investigation . 116 (5);2006 , 7 -16 American Cancer Society .Detailed Guide: Cervical Cancer What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer? Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_cervical_cancer_8.asp Laurie Elit, and Jean Chamberlain Froese. Womens Health in the Majority World: Issues and Initiatives. Nova Publishers. 2007; 23- 34

Song of Lawino Poem by Okot pBitek

Song of Lawino Poem by Okot pBitek In Song of Lawino, by Okot pbitek, the main theme revolves around Lawino attacking Ocol, her husband who had left her for a modern woman, and his ways while praising her own culture. She is a proud and traditional Acoli woman who holds a certain disregard for the western culture that her educated husband had fallen into. A lot throughout the novel, she keeps on cursing Ocol and making a racket and din about all his misdeeds. She also launches an attack on Clementine, Ocols new westernized, educated wife. Now, whether or not she had a solid case for acting so strongly against Ocol and Tina is what we shall be looking at in this essay. And that she looks sickly and is a piteous sight. These unprovoked accusations will be considered as jealousy by many especially since Lawino admits I do not deny, I am a little jealous, which I consider a huge understatement since Lawinos hate which is evident in the second chapter is proof that she is in fact very jealous of Tinas influence over Ocol. However, how much ever Lawino is jealous of Tina, she absolutely does not have a case since this cannot justify any misdoing on Ocols part because polygamy was a common thing at that time and Ocol had every right to marry Tina. And Lawinos jealousy was not acceptable evidence against Ocol. Some may say that Lawino expressed more than jealousy and was actually defending her rich African culture, but she did, however, do it at the cost of degrading the western culture. Nevertheless, he does his role well, and goes to many lengths saying that the local congress party was against Catholics (the faith Ocol believes in). This, apart from creating a bad will for him among people, also causes conflicts within his own family. We see that, Ocols brother was the leader of the congress party, the arch-enemy of the Democratic Party that Ocol leads. This causes Ocol to become bitter and turn the whole issue personal. He says that his brother wants to kill him and he also forbids Lawino to visit her husband in laws house and indeed orders her not to even talk to them. It was once said by a great man called Vivekananda that when a man has begun to feel ashamed of his ancestors, the end has come. This is exactly what Ocol does. In this case, I feel that Ocol was being too unacceptable. Although Ocol is against his brother politically, I think making the issue personal was a stupid thing to do. He was in fact blowing up the matter to something big. Lawino, who in this case was being very thoughtful, realizes that these two men were doing senseless. After all, the main aim of the parties was supposed to be national unity and now the war leaders are tightly locked in bloody feuds, eating each others livers and she correctly notices that ignorance stands there like an elephant. In the chapter seven, where it says there is no fixed time for breast-feeding, Lawino has something more to her favor. Ocols obsession over time is a debatable issue. Yes, in modern times, people would agree with Ocol that time should not be wasted and so it must be used to its full potential. However, I feel that Ocol is taking the issue of time too far by wanting to keep fixed time for every little thing in the house. Lawino says; For such a case, I think Lawino does again have a point. Its perfectly sensible to breastfeed when there is a need to. So, Ocols heaps of abuse on Lawinos illiteracy for not knowing time is just plain unacceptable. He neednt insist everything in their house happen on time when the Acolis have managed their priorities for years by simply following the suns movement and the roosters crow. Until now, Lawino mostly did have a solid case in many things that she was saying. However, the rest of what she says is, in my viewpoint, a matter of opinion and so it will not hold a solid case against Ocol. She laments about Ocols decision to follow the western culture instead, but lawfully, there was nothing wrong with that. Ocol had every right to follow the way of life that he wants by all means. Being university educated may have changed his way of thinking and caused him to want to westernize. Lawinos accusations of him of being a traitor to his traditions may have been culturally correct, but definitely not strong enough to sue him. Some may say that Lawino was in fact being irrational as she was trying to impose her culture on Ocol, without letting him be. And he also goes in to regret why was I born Black? Ocol tries his hardest to deny the African blood in him and he wants to assimilate into the white peoples culture instead. This is not acceptable because if he has the right to enjoy his ways, then Lawino does too. So, we can say that in this particular matter, both Lawino and Ocol are at fault. The above argument, apart from referring to culture, is also applicable to the differing religious faith that the two follow. Agreed, Lawino does not think much of the hunchback or the clean ghost and neither does Ocol of Lawinos traditional African religion where he says we will smash / the taboos / one by one / explode the basis / of every superstition / we will uproot / every sacred tree/ and demolish every ancestral / shrine. Hence the two should have learnt to co-exist with each other rather than squabble endlessly other their faiths. So, in conclusion, after evaluating the cases of both Lawino and Ocol, I deduce that Lawinos case is stronger than Ocols. Seeing that Lawino has been more of a victim under Ocols hands than Ocol under the white mens, as seen in the argument given above, Lawino does indeed have a proper case against Ocol. Although Lawino had a small part to do with it, her marital tribulations have been highly unstable mainly because of Ocols foolish attitude and his senseless actions.

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics Micro Electro Mechanical Systems or MEMS is a term coined around 1989 by Prof. R. Howe and others to describe an emerging research, where mechanical elements, like cantilevers or membranes, had been manufactured at a scale more akin to microelectronics circuit than to lathe machining. But MEMS is not the only term used to describe this and from its multicultural origin it is also known as Micromachines, a term often used in Japan, or more broadly as Microsystem Technology (MST), in Europe. However, if the etymology of the word is more or less well known, the dictionaries are still mum about an exact definition. Actually, what could link an inkjet printer head, a video projector DLP system, a disposable bio-analysis chip and an airbag crash sensor yes, they are all MEMS, but what is MEMS? It appears that these devices share the presence of features below 100 micro metre that are not machined using standard machining but using other techniques globally called micro-fabrication technology. Of course, this simple definition would also include microelectronics, but there is a characteristic that electronic circuits do not share with MEMS. While electronic circuits are inherently solid and compact structures, MEMS have holes, cavity, channels, cantilevers, membranes, etc, and, in some way, imitate `mechanical parts. This has a direct impact on their manufacturing process. Actually, even when MEMS are based on silicon, microelectronics process needs to be adapted to cater for thicker layer deposition, deeper etching and to introduce special steps to free the mechanical structures. Then, many more MEMS are not based on silicon and can be manufactured in polymer, in glass, in quartz or even in metals [5, 6]. Thus, if similarities between MEMS and microelectronics exist, they now clearly are two distinct. Actually, MEMS needs a completely different set of mind, where next to electronics, mechanical and material knowledge plays a fundamental role. 1.2 MEMS technology The development of a MEMS component has a cost that should not be misevaluated but the technology has the possibility to bring unique benefits. The reasons that prompt the use of MEMS technology can be classified broadly in three classes: a) Miniaturization of existing devices, like for example the production of silicon based gyroscope which reduced existing devices weighting several kg and with a volume of 1000 cm3 to a chip of a few grams contained in a 0.5 cm3 package. b) Development of new devices based on principles that do not work at larger scale. A typical example is given by the biochips where electrical are use to pump the reactant around the chip. This so called electro-osmotic effect based on the existence of a drag force in the fluid works only in channels with dimension of a fraction of one mm, that is, at micro-scale. c) Development of new tools to interact with the micro-world. In 1986 H. Rohrer and G. Binnig at IBM were awarded the Nobel price in physics for their work on scanning tunneling microscope. This work heralded the development of a new class of microscopes (atomic force microscope, scanning near optical microscope) that shares the presence of micro machined sharp micro-tips with radius below 50 nm. This micro-tool was used to position atoms in complex arrangement, writing Chinese character or helping verify some prediction of quantum mechanics. Another example of this class of MEMS devices at a slightly larger scale would be the development of micro-grippers to handle cells for analysis. 2.Micromirrors 2.1 History of Micromirror : In recent years, deformable mirror devices (DMDs) have emerged as a new micro-electromechanical (MEM) technology with tremendous potential for future applications. As shown in Fig. 1-1, the concept of deformable mirrors was developed and utilized as early as 211 BC by Greek soldiers to destroy enemy ships [1]. 1 However, it was not until 1973 that serious development of micromirror devices began to emerge. Currently, several designs of deformable mirrors have been fabricated, some before a practical use had been identified. It is these devices that are now receiving serious attention as optical communication and related fields are expanding. 2.2 BACKGROUND Mirror devices are a specific type of spatial light modulator (SLM).Spatial light modulators are devices that can alter the phase, amplitude, and/or the direction of propagation of an incident beam of light. Deformable mirror devices do this by moving a reflective surface to achieve the desired effect. Currently, two distinct types of micro-mirrors are used [1]. Continuous surface devices use one large reflective membrane that is locally controlled by individual actuators to form a continuous reflective surface. Circus fun house mirrors are an example of such a device. Segmented devices, on the other hand, use a mirror surface that is divided into numerous individually controllable smaller mirrors. Greek soldiers used segmented mirrors to form a parabolic reflective surface which was used to focus sunlight onto enemy ships. 2 Segmented devices are used today in the formation of large parabolic mirrors. As shown in Figure 1-2, the primary mirror of many modern optical telescope systems is comprised of segmented deformable mirrors. In the past, the size-limiting factor in such systems has been the size of the primary mirror which had to be mechanically stable yet light enough to move to various positions throughout a full field of view. Larger mirrors were frequently damaged or caused damage to other components of the telescope when movement was attempted. With the application of segmented deformable mirror technology, the practical limit in telescopic primary mirror size can be extended since much lighter and smaller mirrors can be individually anchored, controlled, and placed adjacent to each other to form the necessary parabolic mirror. The segmented mirrors are not only placed at a slight angle to each other, but are shaped by the segmented actuators and are free to bend to form smaller parabolically curved surfaces. The segmented actuators are manipulated by the control electronics which receive information from the laser figure sensor and the edge computer which is then translated into a necessary change in the position or shape of the mirrors. These monitoring devices continually check the status of the segmented mirrors to maintain the parabolic form of the entire device and to ensure that no gaps or severe discontinuities are present in the surface of the primary mirror which would result in a distorted image or a loss in image resolution. The basic principles of this macroscopic technology can also be used in microscopic applications which involve fabricating deformable mirrors on integrated circuits. Several forms of micromirrors have emerged that combine on-chip addressing electronics with the micro-mechanical mirrors [1]. The geometric and material variations of these devices demonstrate that deformable mirrors can be designed and implemented for a variety of specific uses. The micromirror devices currently used are segmented surface devices in which the actuation of a small reflective mirror is controlled by a single address electrode. The metallized mirror and the address electrode of the device form a parallel plate capacitor. The voltage between the mirror and the electrode creates an electrostatic force acting on the mirror in the downward direction. The flexures holding the mirror are designed to deform, allowing the mirror to move vertically with applied voltage. The resulting spring force of the flexures ac ts on the mirror in the upward direction, countering the electrostatic force of the capacitor. 3.MICROMIRROR ACTUATION METHODS FOR SENSING 3.1 Electromagnetic Actuation: A micromirror can be deflected in two ways by electromagnetic actuation. First, by using Lorentz force to move a patterned coil by exerting external magnetic field. Second, by repulsive/attractive forces to repel/attract the magnetic material attached to the mirror from/to the actuator. Advances in material fabrication to provide thick film deposition of magnetic material on the surface of micro actuators should reduce voltage and current requirements. Magnetic MEMS can offer non- contact operation, and can induce mechanical resonance by magnetic element excitation. However, thermal budget imposed by the current CMOS technology limits the fabrication of the magnetic film on the substrate from reaching the desired characteristics [3]. 3.2 Piezoelectric Actuation: The piezoelectric actuation takes advantage of the corresponding physical deformation to applied electrical voltage property . It has relatively lower operation voltage (3-20 Volt DC) with low power consumption, better linearity, and fast switching time 0.1 to 1.0 milliseconds [3]. 3.3 Thermal Actuation: The main advantage of thermal actuation is the simplicity of the fabrication method. However, in general, thermal actuation tends to have higher power consumption and slow response time. The out-of-plane thermal micro actuator uses thermal expansion due to ohmic heating. A thin arm and wide arm configuration with one end fixed to the substrate has nonlinear property due to temperature dependency . 3.4 Electrostatic Actuation: Despite suffering from the pull-in effect, nonlinear behavior, and higher operating voltage, the electrostatic actuations fast response time (less than 0.1 ms), low power consumption, and the easiness of integration and testing with electrical control system make the electrostatic actuation one of the preferred choices for micromirror actuation . The operation voltage of the micromirror can be lowered while achieving more angular deflection if the stiffness of torsion bar is reduced. However, when the stiffness is lowered, the natural frequency of the micromirror also decreases, thereby reducing operational bandwidth. Say w, v, d scales as L1. Maximum Electrostatic Potential Energy Stored is given by: 3 Permitivity of vacuum and relative permitivity remains unchanged with scaling. Assume Vb scales linearly with d (Out of Paschen effect range), then 4 Electrostatic Forces Found to Scale as Square of L. Since mass and hence inertial forces scale as cube of L, Electrostatic Actuators are advantageous in Scaled Down Sizes [3]. Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory Figure 3 -Vb v/s P,d Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory: a) Vb scales non linearly in Paschen effect range. b) Vb increases in Paschen effect range. c) Higher Vb implies higher storage of energy and so larger force. 4.Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Actuation Mechanism Actuation Advantages Disadvantages Magnetic Low actuation voltage Relatively large angular deflection with lower driving power Difficult to assemble permanent magnets and coils with current CMOS technology Challenge in minimizing the size of device Piezoelectric Higher switching speed Low power consumption Short actuation range Thermal Ease of fabrication (require only one composite beam) for bulk production -High power consumption Slow response time Fatigue due to thermal cycle Electrostatic Low power consumption Fast switching Ease of integration and testing with electrical control circuitry Nonlinear characteristics Limited by the pull-in effect High actuation voltage Fabrication complexity 5.Proposed Designs 5.1 ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE STACKED MICROMIRRORS In this section, micromirrors of different configurations are presented and compared in terms of their deflection angle and actuation voltage. The conceptual schematics of the three configurations analyzed are shown below. Figure 1(a) shows a conventional micromirror configuration. Figure 1(b) shows a unique configuration of the stacked micromirror also denoted as the first stacked mirror configuration, and Figure 1(c) shows a novel configuration of the stacked micromirror with an offset, which is also known as the second stacked micromirror configuration [8]. Figure 1. Schematics of Three Different Micromirror Configurations. The moving electrode (middle plate) in the stacked configurations is designed to be identical to the micromirror in size and material. Solutions for the following analytical model are independent of the shape and size of the plate (micromirror) as long as the dimensions of each layer are identical. First, an analytical model of the micromirror is derived to better understand the relationship between each parameter of the micromirror. The torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, as denoted by M for each configuration, is derived from the following dynamic Equation (1): I (d2O/dt2) + C (dO/dt) + kO = M -(1) where, I is the moment of the inertia. C is the damping coefficient representing the squeeze-film. k is the torsional stiffness of the rotated serpentine spring. M is the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes. The moment of the inertia of the micromirror along the y-axis is equal to (1/12)*ml2. Second, the value for damping coefficient, c, representing the squeeze-film damping of the micromirror is derived from the linearized Reynolds equation [13] and presented in Equation (2). C= -(48w3)/(à Ã¢â€š ¬6(b2+4)D3) (2) where, ÃŽÂ ¼ is the dynamic viscosity of the air. l is equal to the half length of the micromirror, . w is the width of the micromirror. b is the ratio of the width to the length of the micromirror. D is the initial air gap between the micromirror and its electrodes. Third, the torsional stiffness, k, of the rotated serpentine spring K= (G Jp)/(2NLp+3Lp) (3) where, G is the shear modulus of the material used in the rotated serpentine spring. Jp is the torsion factor of a beam with rectangular cross-section [14] and can be derived from the Equation (4) below. N is the number of the loops or turns in the rotated serpentine spring. Lp is the length of the rotated serpentine spring segment that is parallel to the rotation axis. Jp= (tw3/3)*(1-(192w/3t)*à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt=1,2,3.1/t3* tanh(tà Ã¢â€š ¬t/2w)) (4) Fourth, for the sake of simplicity, the micromirror is considered to be a rigid body and the deflection of the rotated serpentine spring in the Z axis is assumed to be negligible. In order to find the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, the parallel plate capacitor theory is used to derive the differential force that acts on a small segment of the micromirror and its electrodes: dF = 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®V2 (wdx)/(D-x2 -(5) where, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ® denotes the permittivity of air and V represents the potential difference. The torque, M, for each configuration is simplified with the normalized angle as represented by the following Equation (6), (7) and (8): MO = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 o2)*(o/1-o + ln(1-o)) (6) M1 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 4o2)*(2o/1-2o + ln(1-2o)) (7) M2 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 2)*(1/(1-2o+o2)) (8) where, M0 represents the torque created in the single mirror configuration. M1 and M2 denote the torque generated in the first and second stacked mirror configurations, respectively. To simplify the analysis, the fixed bottom electrodes are not used to actuate the micromirrors in both stacked configurations [8]. Figure-2. Torque versus Angle Comparison Plot for Three Micromirror Configurations. To visualize the magnitude of torques against the normalized angles, the normalized torques of M0, M1, and M2 are plotted in the Figure 2. The red line shows an exponential increase in the normalized torque as the normalized angle grows. The black line (conventional single mirror configuration) shows relatively gradual increase. As expected, while the deflection angle is small there are negligible differences between the three configurations in terms of the torque created by the same actuation voltage. However, as the deflection angle increases, the torque acting on the first stacked mirror grows exponentially. On the other hand, the second stacked mirror configuration shows a 50% increase in torque when compared to the single mirror configuration. 5.2 GEOMETRY The size and geometry of the micromirror are determined by the diameter of the optical beam as well as its application. For example, a micromirror used in an endoscope would require a smaller form factor. The micromirror discussed here is designed to be 1 mm in length, 1 mm in width and 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m in thickness. Also, it is assumed to be made of polysilicon that has a Youngs modulus of 160 GPa, Poissons ratio of 0.22 and density of 2330 kg/m3. Normally, the micromirror is designed to be suspended over a cavity by two torsion bars. Even though a straight torsion bar is simple to design and fabricate, it suffers from residual stress, which alters the stiffness of a torsion bar and the micromirrors frequency response. Furthermore, modification of the physical or geometric properties of the straight torsion bar is not straightforward since the geometry of the torsion bar such as the width and thickness are limited by the fabrication process. Hence, two rotated serpentine springs are chosen to hold the micromirror in place while the micromirror rotates. The serpentine springs stiffness can be easily customized regardless of the fabrication process. Thus, a rotated serpentine spring is employed in this analysis. The rotated serpentine spring used in this analysis is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m wide, 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m thick, and 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m in length from one end to another end. The gap between each turn is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Figure.3 (a) shows the expanded view of the rotated serpentine spring, and Figure.3 (b) shows the relative size and location of the spring on the micromirror. Figure 3. (a) Rotated Serpentine Spring Torsion Bar and (b) the Micromirror. Two different configurations of the micromirror are presented in Figure 4. To simplify modeling and analysis, the geometry and material of the plates (micromirrors) are kept identical except the stacking configuration. As shown in Figure 4(a), a micromirror is placed 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m directly above another square plate along the z-axis. In Figure 4(b), a micromirror is placed above another mirror with a 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m gap in the z axis and a 500 ÃŽÂ ¼m offset along the x- axis. The top plate is the micromirror, and the bottom plate is used as moving electrodes [8]. The micromirror and its moving counterpart have two electrodes located on their bottom. The electrodes are assumed to be made of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼m aluminium thin film. The rotated serpentine springs provide electrical connection between the electrodes and control circuitry. Figure-4. Stacked Micromirror Configurations. 5.3 Flexure Beam Micro-Mirror C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled1.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure-5: Flexure Beam Micromirror APPROACH In order to develop the characteristic model of the Flexure-Beam micromirror device, it must first be characterized by equating the electrostatic actuation force of the parallel plate capacitor with the mechanical restoring force of the spring. Figure-6 shows a Flexure-Beam device in the resting ( V = 0 ) and active ( V > 0 ) modes where Zm represents the vertical height of the mirror above the address electrode. It is initially assumed that when no electrode potential is applied, the mirror rests firmly in the resting position, Z0, where the deflection distance, d, at all points on the mirror is zero [1]. Figure-6: Forces acting in flexure Beam Micromirror The Flexure-Beam device is a phase-only device since the direction of motion of the mirror is orthogonal to the reflective surface. Therefore, the optical path length can be altered while the direction of propagation remains unchanged. This makes the piston device very appealing for phase modulated filters or for adaptive phase correcting optics. Figure-7: Cloverleaf Micromirror One design improvement is another cantilever device known as the Cloverleaf. As shown in Figure, the flexures holding the reflective surfaces are placed in the center of the geometry. This takes the basic design of the Inverted Cloverleaf and reduces some of the negative effects observed. Also, the electrodes are located directly beneath each mirror which allows the cantilever surfaces to be individually addressable. Moving the support for the mirrors to the center of the pixel cell allows for better use of overall space. Now, the pixels can be placed so that adjacent cells nearly touch each other with only a small gap required between the mirrors of one cell and the mirrors of another. Most of the total surface area of the device is reserved for the active elements with the exception of the posts which hold the mirrors in place. This increases the active area of the device to as much as 86% which is similar to the remaining devices described in this chapter. This device, however, maintains the side effect of redirecting an incident beam of light in four distinct directions. C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled3.png Figure-8 The Quad-Cantilever deformable micromirror device The significant advantage over the Cloverleaf devices is that the mirrors are aligned so that the redirection of the incident beam of light is in a common direction. This allows the device to be capable of switching or redirecting the incident light with little loss in amplitude. One characteristic similar to the Inverted Cloverleaf and Cloverleaf devices is the slanted behavior of the deflected mirror. This behavior is typical with cantilever devices and creates a non-uniform phase response across the surface of each mirror [1]. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE In order to compute the electrostatic force on the mirror, it must first be determined by which means this force will be calculated. More specifically, it must be decided whether the charge distribution, which is not uniform over the mirror surface, will be considered. The charge distribution will change with the position of the mirror surface and will also be altered by any mirror surface deformations or discontinuities such as etch holes. This leads to a complicated solution when integrating across the mirror. As an alternative, since both the charge distribution of the mirror and the applied electrode voltage are related to the electric field within the device, it is possible to express the potential energy, of the electric charge distribution solely in terms of this field: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled4.jpg Where, a is the surface charge distribution on the mirror, V is the actuation voltage between the mirror and address electrode, A is the area of the mirror, e0 is the free space dielectric constant and E is the electric field intensity at any point in the volume v within the device . By assigning an electric energy density of V-2coloumbs to each point in space within the device, the physical effect of the charge distribution on the mirror surface is preserved. From this approach it is easy to see that the non-uniform charge distribution on the mirror surface and the fringing effects of electric fields around the edges of the mirror are complementary descriptions of the same electrical phenomenon. 5.4 Dual Axis Micro-Mirror Figure-9: Dual-Axis micromirror Micromirror working principle The micromirror is made up by a circular polysilicon micromirror plate that is connected to a gimbal frame by a pair of polysilicon torsion springs (Fig. 9). The gimbal frame is supported by a pairs of polysilicon springs too. The structure is a dual axis micromirror: the slow axis works at the resonance frequency of 300 Hz while the fast axis works at the resonance frequency of 30 kHz. The fast axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around y direction while the slow axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around x direction. Both the two axis are actuated by electrostatic vertical comb drives. Vertical comb drives provide a motion in and out of the plane and present several advantages if compared to lateral comb drives. First of all, they generate a vertical force larger than lateral comb drives ,then they achieve larger scan angle at high resonance frequencies and finally they directly apply the torque to the micromirror without needing any hinges to couple their linear motion i nto torsional micromirror motion [4]. Each vertical comb drive consists of a set of moving mechanical polysilicon electrodes and a set of rigid electrodes suspended over an etched pit. The rigid electrodes are bound to the substrate, while the movable electrodes are linked to the axis. When a voltage is applied between the fixed fingers and the movable fingers, an electrostatic Torque arises between the two electrodes [4]. Consequently the movable fingers rotate around the torsional axis until the Electrostatic Torque (Te) and the Mechanical restoring Torque (Tm) of the springs are equal. These two torques can be expressed by (1) and (2). C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled5.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled 6.jpg Figure-10: Forces acting in a Dual-Axis Micromirror 5.5 Micromirror with Hidden Vertical Comb Drives The actuators and the torsion springs are hidden underneath the mirror to achieve high-fill factor in micromirror arrays. In this case, the fringing capacitance is significant and cannot be ignored [2]. The total capacitance as a function of angle can be calculated by integrating over the finger length. Fig. 11 shows the 3-D design of this: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled7.png Figure-11: Hidden Vertical-Comb Drive Micromirror 6.CONCLUSION: In this report, the first three phase of the project have been completed. The different actuation principles , their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. Also four designs have been proposed and analytical study of them has been done. We can now move on to the next phase which comprises of modeling as well as analysis of the designs chosen.

Mr. Wiggins in A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest Gaines Essay -- Lesson

Mr. Wiggins in A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest Gaines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In A Lesson Before Dying, Mr. Grant Wiggins' life crises were the center of the story. Although he was supposed to make Jefferson into a man, he himself became more of one as a result. Not to say that Jefferson was not in any way transformed from the "hog" he was into an actual man, but I believe this story was really written about Mr. Wiggins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Wiggins improved as a person greatly in this book, and that helped his relationships with other people for the most part. At the start of the book, he more or less hated Jefferson, but after a while he became his friend and probably the only person Jefferson felt he could trust. The turning point in their relationship was the one visit in which Jefferson told Mr. Wiggins that he wanted a gallon of ice cream, and that he never had enough ice cream in his whole life. At that point Jefferson confided something in Mr. Wiggins, something that I didn't see Jefferson doing often at all in this book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "I saw a slight smile come to his face, and it was not a bitter smile. Not bitter at all"; this is the first instance in which Jefferson breaks his somber barrier and shows emotions. At that point he became a man, not a hog. As far as the story tells, he never showed any sort of emotion before the shooting or after up until that point. A hog can't show emotions, but a man can. There is the epiphany of the story, where Mr. Wiggins realizes that the ...

Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Essay -- Clyde Edge

Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Mattie Rigsbee is the main character in Clyde Edgerton's southern style novel, Walking Across Egypt. Mattie is a seventy-eight year old widow with two middle-aged children. Living alone in a small house, she makes sure that everything is taken care of. She cooks, cleans, mows the lawn, and takes up numerous responsibilities with the church. She is a very caring person with many friends and a family that loves her dearly. At the time this novel takes place, Mattie is at a turning point in her life. Confusion disturbed her, because the things that people are telling her are not the words that she is ready or willing to hear. Although begins to display some signs of aging, and her family is trying to convince her to slow down her lifestyle, Mattie's character and mind setting prohibits her from becoming the stereotypical elder. She must make a decision in which direction to turn. As Mattie grows older, she notices that she is beginning to display some signs that people in her state of North Carolina associate with the elderly. These signs are influencing her decisions about what she thinks she can and cannot do. She displays typical, elderly forgetfulness as she washes the toilet seat with mouthwash rather than with alcohol. And again displays it as she falls through the bottomless rocking chair. Later she displays physical inability when she asks her son Robert about helping with some yard work, which she had always ta... Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Essay -- Clyde Edge Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Mattie Rigsbee is the main character in Clyde Edgerton's southern style novel, Walking Across Egypt. Mattie is a seventy-eight year old widow with two middle-aged children. Living alone in a small house, she makes sure that everything is taken care of. She cooks, cleans, mows the lawn, and takes up numerous responsibilities with the church. She is a very caring person with many friends and a family that loves her dearly. At the time this novel takes place, Mattie is at a turning point in her life. Confusion disturbed her, because the things that people are telling her are not the words that she is ready or willing to hear. Although begins to display some signs of aging, and her family is trying to convince her to slow down her lifestyle, Mattie's character and mind setting prohibits her from becoming the stereotypical elder. She must make a decision in which direction to turn. As Mattie grows older, she notices that she is beginning to display some signs that people in her state of North Carolina associate with the elderly. These signs are influencing her decisions about what she thinks she can and cannot do. She displays typical, elderly forgetfulness as she washes the toilet seat with mouthwash rather than with alcohol. And again displays it as she falls through the bottomless rocking chair. Later she displays physical inability when she asks her son Robert about helping with some yard work, which she had always ta...

Managing Conflicts in a Mediated World

Chapter 5 provides an in-depth analysis of dimensions and dynamics of conflicts, as they exist in communities.   As indicated in the chapter, the community is awash with conflicts given the fact that every single facet of life can produce conflicts.   For instance interpersonal relations amongst members results into conflicts.   In access of resources in a given community members of that community are likely to be involved in conflicts in the competition of resources especially in situations whereby resources are scarce and there exists no proper structure in society to lead to the fair distribution of the resources. It is better to prevent conflicts where possible than waiting the conflicts to take place and then resolving them.   However as Dalton, and Kellet, (2001) observes, the conflicts witnessed in communities are bound to occur as preventing the conflicts is not very practical given the fact that sources of conflicts are very diverse and very difficult to predict. In a community conflicts are bound to arise and resolution of conflicts involves a good understanding of conflict resolution strategies such as avoidance, win-win and accommodation.   Personally, I have been involved in conflicts with my brother, which really left me feeling like it was wrong and unacceptable to get into conflicting situations with my brother. However the content of chapter five has opened my thinking and enabled me to understand that conflicts do not have always to be wrong or negative. Indeed conflicts if resolved well are a source of great learning.   Whenever I differ with my brother, I will be looking at it as an opportunity to learn more and understand ourselves better.   Especially in cases whereby the conflicts result from differences in opinions, the conflict situation should serve to build our relationship and learn a lot from each other.   Conflicts enable people to come up with the best solutions to problems considering the fact that after brainstorming on the opinions generating the conflict, one is likely to settle for the best solutions especially where a win-win conflict resolution strategy is preferred.   Conflicts on the other hand can negatively affect the quality of life of those involved in the conflict especially in cases whereby people fail to resolve such conflicts amicably. Chapter 6 Chapter 6 provides a deep insight on how to identify conflicts in the work place as well as the different strategies, which can be useful in work place conflict resolution strategies.   Chapter 6 identifies major sources of conflicts in the work place as poor team leadership, difference in opinions, personal differences as well as various cultural diversity in the work force as well as in situations whereby the organization recruits staff from various backgrounds. Cultural differences as a source of conflicts is more common in cases whereby the organization is either a multinational corporation or it has presence in many countries or in some cases, it out sources from offshore. Work place conflicts just like conflicts in the community could have both positive and negative effects on job performance and employee morale depending on how well they are resolved. The management must be able to identify and deal with conflicts as and when they emerge.   This is necessary considering the fact that the organization largely relies on teamwork to function smoothly and any source of conflicts, which serve to prevent smooth coexistence of employees, must be identified and dealt with before they get out of hand and interfere with job performance. Conflict resolution strategies in the work place include avoidance strategy, win-win strategy and accommodation strategy and should be administered to all suitable situations to resolve disputes and conflicts in a positive manner.   The major reason why managers need to have good conflict management skills is the fact that the success of an organization is largely determined by how well the managers can organize workers to function as teams as opposed to functioning as individuals. Therefore conflict management calls for the mangers to form teams, which can work well despite the challenges and end up achieving the much-needed synergetic effect.   Chapter 6 helps us to appreciate the importance of conflict resolution in the work place as well as the negative effects of failing to resolve conflicts as they emerge.   As noted in the chapter failure to properly resolve conflicts can result into a reduction in job output as well as likelihood of an increased employee turn over for those employees who feel discontented with the management of the organisation. That is worst-case scenario resulting from conflicts and organisations though the management are supposed to prevent such eventualities by practicing good conflict resolution strategies. By appreciating the causes of organizational conflicts one is able to negotiate the conflicts and come out of the conflicts stronger.   Personally I have in some instances been engaged in conflicts with work mates. For example I was once put in the same team in the production department with a colleague with whom we always had different viewpoints of dealing with situations at work.   However I learnt to use the accommodative strategy as opposed to the avoidance strategy and as such I was able to overcome the conflicts.   From the conflicts, I learnt that the solution to conflicts was in resolving them but not ignoring the problems.   I also learnt that conflicts should not interfere with job performance and thus should be resolved as soon as they occur. Chapter 7 Chapter 7 provides a deep insight on how to identify conflicts in the family as well as how to deal with those conflicts.   Unless well resolved, the family conflicts are likely to spill over to the community and eventually to the work place. Therefore conflict resolutions at the family level are very important in achieving a coherent society whereby people coexist well. Poor conflict resolution strategies in the family often lead to domestic abuse, child abuse as well as elder abuse.   Therefore putting the needed effort inorder to deal with the family conflicts is very desirable in that it is likely to cause harmony not only at the community level but also in the work place.   Families are an integral part of the society especially given the fact that human beings are social beings who need love, care and recognition.   The quality of relationship a family is involved in has been found to have an impact on the unity of the society. Family relationships are complex and understanding of expectations both male and females have of each other is a daunting task.   The fact that relationships are both dynamic and situational further complicates the nature of relationships. To ensure that, families continue to play their role in the society, there is a need for proper conflict resolution strategies to solve challenges which emerge and threaten the very existence of the family as an institution. However, it is not possible to achieve such unity, harmony and organization without proper law structures and system to protect the rights of the family to exist as well as that of the child to belong to the family and be treated in accordance with the law.   Despite the existence of laws governing the family and children, problems and challenges continue to face today’s families. With the divorce and separation rates soaring up disproportionately, more and more people opting not to marry, the family as a core part of the society is constantly under threat. Conclusion Personally I have really admired the conflict resolution skills of my parents who have been able to keep our family together and very united.   When I start my own family I will always apply the necessary conflict strategies for example avoidance, accommodation or win-win strategy to resolve conflicts. Reference Dalton, D., and Kellet, P. (2001).   Managing Conflict in a Negotiated World.   Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.      

Differentiate Between Different Learning Styles

What is learning style:- The various preferences and methods employed by learners in the process of learning. Every individual have different style and techniques of learning. Some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as well as further develop styles that you already use well.So the best way to learn always depends on the person by finding his own style of learning style. We have different kinds of learning styles. Differentiation between different learning styles:- There are three main types of learning styles: auditory, visual, and kinesthetic. Most people learn best through a combination of the three types of learning styles, but everybody is different. Auditory Learners: Hear Auditory learners would rather listen to things being explained than re ad about them.Reciting information out loud and having music in the background may be a common study method. Other noises may become a distraction resulting in a need for a relatively quiet place. Visual Learners: See Visual learners learn best by looking at graphics, watching a demonstration, or reading. For them, it’s easy to look at charts and graphs, but they may have difficulty focusing while listening to an explanation. Kinesthetic Learners: TouchKinesthetic learners process information best through a â€Å"hands-on† experience. Actually doing an activity can be the easiest way for them to learn. Sitting still while studying may be difficult, but writing things down makes it easier to understand. First is called visual in which we use and prefer mostly pictures and spatial understanding, while second is Aural in which we prefer to listen sounds and music on order to learn something effectively.Third is verbal, in this type of learning we use wordings and speeches . Fourth, Physical, in this type of learning we use a sense of touch and body language. Fifth is Logic, in which we prefer using reason and logic arguments. The sixth kind of learning style is social; this is one of the common types of learning style in which we prefer to learn in groups. Lastly, Solitary is the last kind of learning style in which individuals work and study alone to learn in their own style. www. scibd. com

Personal Development Plan to evaluate strategic skills

In this instance survey I like to put to death a personal audit from my ain activity and how it is acquiring related to my personal and professional life relevantly. Furthermore to analyse my ain accomplishments, I have designed a questionnaire to happen the strength, failing, chances and menaces. There are different methods of larning manners in which I have opted honey and mumford, which contains militant, reflector, theoretician and pragmatist. Theorist manner is the one which is best for me and to develop my ain accomplishments for better calling. In the patterned advance program I have tabulated a personal development chart and how the professional accomplishments are helpful for leading demands. To develop our leading skills we are need to be self motivated and effectual communicating accomplishment is required.2.1 Personal audit to measure the strategic accomplishmentsPersonal auditA is an of import measure when you are developing a calling alteration. If we are acute about bettering callings, so we need to build a elaborate perceptive of our strengths and endowments. If we are seeable on this, so it is easy can measure calling dreams with your accomplishments and strength physically. When we improve the personal accomplishments, at the same time our professional accomplishments are acquiring developed when we work in an organisation. And more over that leads us to better our cognition and to accomplish a strategic end.2.1.1 Personal SWOT analysisSWOT analysis has been loosely used as a analytical and project-planning tool. And this analysis helps us to concentrate on cardinal issues of importance to the undertaking in manus. Furthermore the SWOT procedure can besides be used in a personal position. When used in this way it can demo us how to take full advantage of students ‘ endowment and abilities. It can assist to expose new larning chances and eliminate perceived menaces in the acquisition environment.StrengthsSelf assurance and ego motive are my lone strength and due to this strength I have crossed several critical phases. By lifting my accomplishments I performed really good in my organisation and that leads me in a good appellation. Furthermore I can talk about my watchfulness and caution as my strength.FailingMy immense failing is being unagitated. Because of this people around me takes more advantage and that puts me in defeated phase. And I am truly unable to do determinations rapidly. Due to this I am missing from my normal plants.OpportunitiesDreams, ends and wants are been considered as chances. And there is a stating as â€Å" chance knocks the door merely one time † . Likewise I got an chance in my organisation an twelvemonth ago..i utilized the chance and at present I am working as a supervisor in my organisation. i found tonss of troubles, but I enjoyed confronting those critical state of affairss. I took it in a positive manner as a good lesson. And now I can pull off any critical circumstance, which is made by client or by my squad people I can counter it really easy. In this instance I can state larning from experience manner as my leading manner.MenacesI found tonss of menaces in my life, In which I can stat e few illustrations as when I arrive united land I find so difficult to last and felt bad in some state of affairss. Basically to happen any topographic points and to make my school in clip while larning. hence chances and threatsA can be used to foreground the deductions of this for instruction and learning.A Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/swot-analysis-personal-note-4892.2 Preferred Learning StyleHoney and MumfordMy learning outcome manner is Honey and Mumford, Honey and Mumford ( Peter and Alan ) are best known for theirA cognition manner questionnaire. This self-administered questionnaire determines yourA preferred learning manner. As a consequence of meaningful learning manner, we can alsoA avert reiterating mistakesA by enterprising activities that strengthen new manners.Beginnings: By Lyndsay Swinton Owner, Management for the Rest of Us.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mftrou.com/honey-mumford.html Each of us learns in unusual ways. a few of us wish to analyze in deepness before we attempt a undertaking ; others reasonably to â€Å" acquire trapped into the occupation † and larn as we go aboard. Some of us are fulfilled when the methods we use to acquire the occupation done, others are excess bothered withA whyA a peculiar attack proved successful. nevertheless others spend clip thought from get downing to stop how the undertaking could be tackled more successfully following clip. Research by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford suggests that we may usefully see 4 basic â€Å" learning manners † They are:MilitantReflectorTheoristPragmatist.TheoristTheorists learn from most first-class activities where they observe and assume before talking. They work with unstructured rules and their uncertainness is truly high. Theorists think jobs through step- by-step. They tend to be perfectionists who like to suit things into a rational strategy. Theorist put them in complex state of affairs where they are truly necessitate to utilize their accomplishments and cognition. Theorists are offered interesting thoughts or constructs even though they are non instantly relevant. Theorists are academically stretched, e.g. by analyzing Logical, Rational, Objective, Perfectionist, and Restricted sidelong thought and evaluating, so generalize it. They do n't wish vacillation They do n't wish prejudice Keen on cardinal premises, rules, theories, theoretical accounts and systems base thought. Beginning: www.gp-training.net/ †¦ learning/learning_styles/hmlearningstyles.ppt Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pd-how2.org/2_1.htm3.1 Developing a Personal Development PlanYour demands How can you run into those demands? How it is of import for me? How will you cognize when you have met those demands? What are the challenges in my occupation current that I need to run into? I need to accomplish something and travel for higher appellation when I meet those accomplishments I can put my calling in a good concern in hereafter. Where I can acquire full secured life. When I develop my accomplishments, I can recognize myself by to the full motivated and I do acquire good ability to manage any critical fortunes. Where do I desire to be in 2 old ages? I wish to be in a really monolithic concern, in which I like to take a good squad. Obviously I will acquire benefit and half of the calling end will be achieved. When I am keeping a large squad in a monolithic concern, so certain I will be known my success. Where do I desire to be in 5 or 10 old ages? To be honest, in following 5 old ages I want to be as a HR director, and to be as a good household adult male. When I get settled in calling sure its aid for my household and my future dreams. If I get a good occupation. How does that tantrum in with what the pattern wants? If we get more experience so certain we can make the life clip end. Deriving more cognition and we can learn our friends and household people every bit good. I feel if I improve my communicating accomplishment and assurance. Then iam sure that I can run into the complications in life.. What adjustments will I need to do for me to accomplish what I want? Need to co operate with people and carry through our plants. We learn more in life. It helps me in my hereafter. When I present a presentation without any vacillation. Then its half achieved. What accommodations will other people need to do for me to accomplish what I want? Peoples need to understand others concerns and should seek to actuate instead than knocking. There wont be any letdowns. When we start accomplishing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours demands. Then I will come to cognize my success. What else should I see? I need to see with good experient individuals. Because patterns plays a major function in all plants I can cognize myself whether iam traveling in right way. When learning my work to others..3.2 The Outcomes Of Personal Development PlanIn this instance I feel that I am truly theorist when I analyzed myself rationally From this development program I evaluated myself that if I need something to accomplish, we are suppose to be self motivated and energetic. This plays a major function where the people who works with me get trained by seeing myself. From this I came to cognize that the leading accomplishments are more of import for each of us to accomplish their aspire. When we work with a skilled worker V learn so many things. For case. In my organisation there are so many people who r truly dedicated and ability to confront such critical places. When we get some duties in our organisation we need to manage it skilfully furthermore when we work with good preparation directors, we will cognize what clip direction is and how we need to segregate and schedulize the work professionally. Furthermore this professionalism helps us to put a good calling where of all time we go for occupation. if we get placed in a large concern like Mercedes benz. The leading is so immense and the working accomplishment is extremely qualified. Taking duty to educate yourself about emphasis provides you with a strong foundation for perpetrating yourself to pull offing emphasis more efficaciously.The Impact Of Own Learning Against The Achievement Of Strategic Goals..